Verify Pralidoxime (2-PAM)

Drug JSON

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{
  "slug": "pralidoxime",
  "nameEn": "Pralidoxime (2-PAM)",
  "nameTh": "พราลิดอกซิม (2-PAM)",
  "class": "Antidote — cholinesterase reactivator (organophosphate)",
  "mechanism": "จับและดึง organophosphate ออกจากเอนไซม์ acetylcholinesterase ที่ถูกยับยั้ง จึงคืนการทำงานของเอนไซม์ (reactivator); ใช้ร่วม atropine ในพิษ organophosphate — atropine คุมอาการ, 2-PAM แก้ที่ต้นเหตุ",
  "brandNamesTh": [
    "Protopam",
    "2-PAM"
  ],
  "indications": [
    {
      "text": "พิษ organophosphate (ยาฆ่าแมลง) ในสุนัขและแมว — ใช้ร่วม atropine; ได้ผลดีเมื่อให้เร็ว (ก่อน \"aging\" ของพันธะ enzyme-OP); ไม่ค่อยได้ผลกับ carbamate",
      "cites": [
        "merck-op-tox",
        "plumbs-2pam"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "contraindications": [
    {
      "text": "ประสิทธิภาพขึ้นกับเวลา — ให้เร็วที่สุดก่อน aging; ไม่ใช้เดี่ยว (ต้องร่วม atropine); ปรับในไตบกพร่อง; ไม่แนะนำในพิษ carbamate",
      "cites": [
        "merck-op-tox"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sideEffects": [
    {
      "text": "ให้ IV เร็วทำให้กล้ามเนื้ออ่อนแรง/หัวใจเต้นเร็ว; เจ็บบริเวณที่ฉีด IM; โดยรวมปลอดภัยเมื่อให้ถูกวิธี",
      "cites": [
        "merck-op-tox"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "dosages": [
    {
      "species": "canine",
      "indication": "Organophosphate toxicity (with atropine)",
      "route": "IM",
      "dose": "20 mg/kg IM/SC (หรือ IV ช้า ๆ) ทุก 8–12 ชั่วโมง ตามอาการ",
      "cites": [
        "merck-op-tox",
        "plumbs-2pam"
      ]
    },
    {
      "species": "feline",
      "indication": "Organophosphate toxicity",
      "route": "IM",
      "dose": "20 mg/kg IM/SC ทุก 12 ชั่วโมง ตามอาการ",
      "cites": [
        "merck-op-tox"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "citations": [
    {
      "id": "merck-op-tox",
      "type": "textbook",
      "title": "Organophosphate (and Carbamate) Toxicosis — MSD/Merck Veterinary Manual",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/insecticide-and-acaricide-organic-toxicosis/toxicities-from-organophosphate-and-carbamate-insecticides",
      "note": "Authoritative veterinary pharmacology reference. Copyrighted, cited not mirrored.",
      "cid": null
    },
    {
      "id": "plumbs-2pam",
      "type": "guideline",
      "title": "Pralidoxime (2-PAM) veterinary antidotal dosing",
      "url": "https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/table/treatment-of-organophosphate-and-carbamate-toxicosis",
      "year": 2025,
      "note": "Clinical veterinary drug reference.",
      "cid": null
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-pralidoxime",
      "type": "monograph",
      "title": "Pralidoxime — Wikipedia",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pralidoxime",
      "note": "Tertiary cross-check for class + mechanism. CC BY-SA 4.0. Not sole authority.",
      "cid": null
    }
  ],
  "mirroredFrom": [
    {
      "id": "who-atc",
      "name": "WHO ATC/DDD Index",
      "url": "https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/",
      "asOfDate": "2026-05-30",
      "license": "WHO publication, free for use with attribution"
    }
  ],
  "mirrorCIDs": [],
  "codes": {
    "atc": {
      "code": "V03AB04",
      "name": "Pralidoxime",
      "level": 5
    }
  },
  "drafting": {
    "aiAssisted": false,
    "aiModel": null,
    "aiPromptHash": null,
    "humanReviewer": "palmzamak2547",
    "humanReviewedAt": "2026-05-30",
    "humanEditsRatio": null
  },
  "signatures": [],
  "reviewedBy": null,
  "lastUpdated": "2026-05-30",
  "version": 1,
  "changelog": [
    {
      "version": 1,
      "date": "2026-05-30",
      "summary": "New entry — clinical content compiled from cited authoritative sources (Merck Veterinary Manual / FDA-EMA labels / VSSO / Today's Vet Practice / peer-reviewed), cross-checked. Every statement cited. Reviewed by palmzamak2547. Pending faculty canonical signature."
    }
  ]
}

Public keys used

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