Verify Timolol (ophthalmic)

Drug JSON

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{
  "slug": "timolol",
  "nameEn": "Timolol (ophthalmic)",
  "nameTh": "ทิโมลอล (ยาหยอดตา)",
  "class": "Topical beta-blocker — glaucoma",
  "mechanism": "ปิดกั้น β-adrenergic ที่ ciliary body ลดการสร้างน้ำในลูกตา (aqueous humor) จึงลดความดันลูกตา ใช้คุม glaucoma",
  "brandNamesTh": [
    "Timoptic"
  ],
  "indications": [
    {
      "text": "ลดความดันลูกตาในภาวะต้อหิน (glaucoma) ของสุนัขและแมว — มักใช้ร่วมกับยาลดความดันลูกตาตัวอื่น",
      "cites": [
        "dailymed-timolol ophthalmic",
        "plumbs"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "contraindications": [
    {
      "text": "ระวังในสัตว์ที่เป็นหอบหืด/หลอดลมหดเกร็ง, หัวใจเต้นช้า, AV block (ยาถูกดูดซึมระบบได้); ประสิทธิภาพในแมวจำกัด",
      "cites": [
        "dailymed-timolol ophthalmic",
        "plumbs"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sideEffects": [
    {
      "text": "รูม่านตาหดเล็ก, หัวใจเต้นช้า/หลอดลมหดเกร็งจากการดูดซึมเข้าระบบ (โดยเฉพาะแมวตัวเล็ก)",
      "cites": [
        "plumbs",
        "wikipedia-Timolol"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "dosages": [
    {
      "species": "canine",
      "indication": "Glaucoma (IOP reduction)",
      "route": "ocular",
      "dose": "หยอดตา 0.5% 1 หยด ข้างที่เป็น ทุก 8–12 ชั่วโมง",
      "cites": [
        "plumbs",
        "dailymed-timolol ophthalmic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "species": "feline",
      "indication": "Glaucoma (IOP reduction)",
      "route": "ocular",
      "dose": "หยอดตา 0.5% 1 หยด ทุก 12 ชั่วโมง",
      "cites": [
        "plumbs"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "citations": [
    {
      "id": "atc-S01ED01",
      "type": "regulatory-database",
      "title": "WHO ATC/DDD Index — Timolol (S01ED01)",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=S01ED01&showdescription=no",
      "note": "WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification. Authoritative for class + INN.",
      "cid": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-timolol ophthalmic",
      "type": "package-insert",
      "title": "Timolol ophthalmic — DailyMed (US FDA label)",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=timolol%20ophthalmic",
      "note": "US FDA structured product label. Authoritative for indications, contraindications, labeled use.",
      "cid": null
    },
    {
      "id": "plumbs",
      "type": "textbook",
      "title": "Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th Edition",
      "authors": "Plumb DC",
      "year": 2023,
      "edition": "10th",
      "url": "https://www.plumbs.com/",
      "note": "Standard veterinary drug reference. Species doses cross-checked against this handbook.",
      "cid": null
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-Timolol",
      "type": "monograph",
      "title": "Timolol — Wikipedia",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timolol",
      "note": "Tertiary cross-check for class + mechanism. CC BY-SA 4.0. Not sole authority.",
      "cid": null
    }
  ],
  "mirroredFrom": [
    {
      "id": "who-atc",
      "name": "WHO ATC/DDD Index",
      "url": "https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/",
      "asOfDate": "2026-06-07",
      "license": "WHO publication, free for use with attribution"
    }
  ],
  "mirrorCIDs": [],
  "codes": {
    "atc": {
      "code": "S01ED01",
      "name": "Timolol",
      "level": 5
    }
  },
  "drafting": {
    "aiAssisted": false,
    "aiModel": null,
    "aiPromptHash": null,
    "humanReviewer": "palmzamak2547",
    "humanReviewedAt": "2026-06-07",
    "humanEditsRatio": null
  },
  "signatures": [],
  "reviewedBy": null,
  "lastUpdated": "2026-06-07",
  "version": 1,
  "changelog": [
    {
      "version": 1,
      "date": "2026-06-07",
      "summary": "New entry — clinical content compiled from cited authoritative sources (WHO ATC / FDA label / Plumb’s / peer-reviewed), cross-checked. Every statement cited. Reviewed by palmzamak2547. Pending faculty canonical signature."
    }
  ]
}

Public keys used

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