Verify Ephedrine

Drug JSON

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{
  "slug": "ephedrine",
  "nameEn": "Ephedrine",
  "nameTh": "อีเฟดรีน",
  "class": "Vasopressor — mixed-acting sympathomimetic",
  "mechanism": "ออกฤทธิ์ทั้งทางตรง (α/β-adrenergic) และทางอ้อม (กระตุ้นการหลั่ง norepinephrine) เพิ่มความดันโลหิต cardiac output และอัตราการเต้นหัวใจ ออกฤทธิ์นานกว่า catecholamine จึงนิยมให้แบบ bolus",
  "brandNamesTh": [
    "Ephedrine"
  ],
  "indications": [
    {
      "text": "ภาวะความดันต่ำระหว่างดมยาสลบ (anesthetic-induced hypotension) — มักให้เป็น bolus เพื่อพยุงความดันชั่วคราว",
      "cites": [
        "merck-cv-pharm",
        "dailymed-ephedrine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "contraindications": [
    {
      "text": "ภาวะ hypovolemia ที่ยังไม่แก้ไข, ภาวะหัวใจเต้นเร็วผิดจังหวะ (tachyarrhythmia)",
      "cites": [
        "merck-cv-pharm",
        "dailymed-ephedrine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sideEffects": [
    {
      "text": "หัวใจเต้นเร็ว, ความดันสูง, arrhythmia; เกิด tachyphylaxis (การตอบสนองลดลง) เมื่อให้ซ้ำเพราะ norepinephrine store ถูกใช้หมด",
      "cites": [
        "merck-cv-pharm",
        "wikipedia-Ephedrine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "dosages": [
    {
      "species": "canine",
      "indication": "Anesthetic-induced hypotension",
      "route": "IV",
      "dose": "0.03–0.1 mg/kg IV bolus (ให้ซ้ำได้ตามการตอบสนอง)",
      "cites": [
        "merck-cv-pharm",
        "plumbs"
      ]
    },
    {
      "species": "feline",
      "indication": "Anesthetic-induced hypotension",
      "route": "IV",
      "dose": "0.03–0.1 mg/kg IV bolus (ให้ซ้ำได้ตามการตอบสนอง)",
      "cites": [
        "merck-cv-pharm",
        "plumbs"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "citations": [
    {
      "id": "atc-C01CA26",
      "type": "regulatory-database",
      "title": "WHO ATC/DDD Index — Ephedrine (C01CA26)",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C01CA26&showdescription=no",
      "note": "WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification. Authoritative for class + INN.",
      "cid": null
    },
    {
      "id": "dailymed-ephedrine",
      "type": "package-insert",
      "title": "Ephedrine — DailyMed (US FDA label)",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=ephedrine",
      "note": "US FDA structured product label. Authoritative for mechanism, indications, contraindications.",
      "cid": null
    },
    {
      "id": "merck-cv-pharm",
      "type": "textbook",
      "title": "Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Cardiovascular System — Merck Veterinary Manual",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-cardiovascular-system",
      "note": "Merck (MSD) Veterinary Manual. Authoritative veterinary clinical reference.",
      "cid": null
    },
    {
      "id": "plumbs",
      "type": "textbook",
      "title": "Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 10th Edition",
      "authors": "Plumb DC",
      "year": 2023,
      "edition": "10th",
      "url": "https://www.plumbs.com/",
      "note": "Standard veterinary drug reference. Dose cross-checked against this handbook.",
      "cid": null
    },
    {
      "id": "wikipedia-Ephedrine",
      "type": "monograph",
      "title": "Ephedrine — Wikipedia",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedrine",
      "note": "Tertiary cross-check for class + mechanism. CC BY-SA 4.0. Not sole authority.",
      "cid": null
    }
  ],
  "mirroredFrom": [
    {
      "id": "who-atc",
      "name": "WHO ATC/DDD Index",
      "url": "https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/",
      "asOfDate": "2026-06-07",
      "license": "WHO publication, free for use with attribution"
    }
  ],
  "mirrorCIDs": [],
  "codes": {
    "atc": {
      "code": "C01CA26",
      "name": "Ephedrine",
      "level": 5
    }
  },
  "drafting": {
    "aiAssisted": false,
    "aiModel": null,
    "aiPromptHash": null,
    "humanReviewer": "palmzamak2547",
    "humanReviewedAt": "2026-06-07",
    "humanEditsRatio": null
  },
  "signatures": [],
  "reviewedBy": null,
  "lastUpdated": "2026-06-07",
  "version": 1,
  "changelog": [
    {
      "version": 1,
      "date": "2026-06-07",
      "summary": "New entry — clinical content compiled from cited authoritative sources (Merck Vet Manual / Plumb’s / RECOVER 2024 / WHO ATC / FDA label), cross-checked. Every statement cited. Reviewed by palmzamak2547. Pending faculty canonical signature."
    }
  ]
}

Public keys used

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